zdmeЗдоровье мегаполисаCity Healthcare2713-2617ГБУ «НИИОЗММ ДЗМ»10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2025.v.6i4-1;102-zdme-302Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSДиагностические тест-системы для оценки риска хронических и инфекционных заболеваний: основные принципы, подходы, преимущества и ограничения для массового использованияDiagnostic Test Systems for Assessing the Risk of Chronic and Infectious Diseases: Basic Principles, Approaches, Advantages and Limitations for Common Usehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-7370ЧерновА. Н.ChernovA. N.

Чернов Александр Николаевич – канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник ГБУЗ «МНПЦЛИ ДЗМ».

115580, Москва, Ореховый б-р, д. 49, к. 1

Alexander N. Chernov – Cand. Sci. in Biology, Senior Researcher at the Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

115580, Moscow, South Administrative Okrug, Orekhovy Boulevard, 49, bldg. 1

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5387-5554ХомяковаЕ. А.KhomyakovaE. A.

Хомякова Екатерина Александровна – младший научный сотрудник ГБУЗ «МНПЦЛИ ДЗМ».

115580, Москва, Ореховый б-р, д. 49, к. 1

Ekaterina A. Khomyakova – Junior Researcher at the Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

115580, Moscow, South Administrative Okrug, Orekhovy Boulevard, 49, bldg. 1

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-6877ЩербаковаА. С.ShcherbakovaA. S.

Щербакова Анастасия Сергеевна – канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник ГБУЗ «МНПЦЛИ ДЗМ».

115580, Москва, Ореховый б-р, д. 49, к. 1

Anastasia S. Shcherbakova – Cand. Sci. in Biology, Senior Researcher at the Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

115580, Moscow, South Administrative Okrug, Orekhovy Boulevard, 49, bldg. 1

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8771-4177ЯковлеваД. А.YakovlevaD. A.

Яковлева Динора Абдуллаевна – канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник ФГБНУ НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова, старший научный сотрудник ГБУЗ «МНПЦЛИ ДЗМ».

115580, Москва, Ореховый б-р, д. 49, к. 1; 105064, Москва, пер. Малый Казенный, д. 5a

Dinora A. Yakovleva – Cand. Sci. in Medicine, Senior Researcher at the I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums, Senior Researcher at the Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

115580, Moscow, South Administrative Okrug, Orekhovy Boulevard, 49, bldg. 1; 105064, Moscow, Malyi Kazennyi per. 5a

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0091-2224ГлотовО. С.GlotovO. S.

Глотов Олег Сергеевич – д-р биол. наук, начальник московского геномного центра ГБУЗ «МНПЦЛИ ДЗМ».

115580, Москва, Ореховый б-р, д. 49, к. 1

Oleg S. Glotov – Dr. Sci. in Biology, Head of the Genome Center, Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

115580, Moscow, South Administrative Okrug, Orekhovy Boulevard, 49, bldg. 1

olglotov@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-8597-7125КомаровА. Г.KomarovA. G.

Комаров Андрей Григорьевич – главный внештатный специалист по клинической лабораторной диагностике ДЗМ, директор ГБУЗ «МНПЦЛИ ДЗМ».

115580, Москва, Ореховый б-р, д. 49, к. 1

Andrey G. Komarov – Chief Specialist in Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Moscow Department of Healthcare, Director of the Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow Healthcare Department.

115580, Moscow, South Administrative Okrug, Orekhovy Boulevard, 49, bldg. 1

Московский научно-практический центр лабораторных исследований Департамента здравоохранения города МосквыРоссияMoscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow City Health DepartmentRussian FederationМосковский научно-практический центр лабораторных исследований Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы; Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. МечниковаРоссияMoscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research of the Moscow City Health Department; Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “I.I. Mechnikov Vaccine and Serum Research Institute”Russian Federation20252312202564102120Copyright © Чернов А.Н., Хомякова Е.А., Щербакова А.С., Яковлева Д.А., Глотов О.С., Комаров А.Г., 20252025Чернов А.Н., Хомякова Е.А., Щербакова А.С., Яковлева Д.А., Глотов О.С., Комаров А.Г.Chernov A.N., Khomyakova E.A., Shcherbakova A.S., Yakovleva D.A., Glotov O.S., Komarov A.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.city-healthcare.com/jour/article/view/302

В обзоре рассматриваются современные методы диагностики: секвенирование по Сэнгеру и секвенирование нового поколения (NGS), полимеразная цепная реакция (ПЦР) и ее модификации в реальном времени (ПЦР-РВ), иммуноферментный анализ (ИФА), высокоэффективная жидкостная хроматография (ВЭЖХ) и разработанные на их основе диагностические тест-системы (ДТС). На примере распространенных хронических и инфекционных заболеваний обсуждаются основополагающие принципы и современные варианты методик с указанием их достоинств и ограничений для клинического применения. Анализируются существующие на сегодняшний день проблемы, препятствующие широкому внедрению указанных методов диагностики в практику здравоохранения в России, а также направления их развития в ближайшем будущем.

The review covers modern diagnostic methods: Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its modifications in real time (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and diagnostic test systems (DTS) developed on their basis. Using common chronic and infectious diseases as an example, the fundamental principles and modern versions of these methods are discussed, indicating their advantages and limitations for clinical use. The current problems and factors hindering the widespread introduction of these diagnostic methods into healthcare practice in Russia, as well as directions of their development in the near future, are analyzed.

обзордиагностикатест-системыNGSПЦР в реальном времениИФАВЭЖХосновные принципыподходыпреимуществаограничения тест-системreviewdiagnosticstest systemsNGSreal-time PCRELISAHPLCbasic principlesapproachesadvantageslimitations of test systemsстатья подготовлена при поддержке Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы в рамках научно-исследовательской работы (№ ЕГИСУ: 125081809569-0) в соответствии с программой «Научное обеспечение столичного здравоохранения» на 2023–2025 гг.the article was prepared with the support of the Moscow Department of Healthcare as part of research work (EGISU No.: 125081809569-0) in accordance with the program “Scientific Support for Moscow Healthcare” for 2023–2025ReferencesМунассар М.А., Соснило А.И. Тенденции и перспективы глобального рынка медицинских инструментов для лабораторной диагностики. Научный журнал НИУ ИТМО. Серия «Экономика и экологический менеджмент». 2022;2:94-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2310-1172-2022-16-2-94-104Munassar M.A., Sosnilo A.I. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.