zdmeЗдоровье мегаполисаCity Healthcare2713-2617ГБУ «НИИОЗММ ДЗМ»10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2026.v.7i3;125-135zdme-437Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSОрганизация питания при когнитивных расстройствах и деменции: литературный обзорNutritional Management in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Literature Reviewhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1198-1644ЯкушинМ. А.YakushinM. A.

Якушин Михаил Александрович д-р мед. на­ук, доцент, главный научный сотрудник 

105064, г. Москва, ул. Воронцово Поле, д. 12

Michail A. Yakushin Dr. Sci. in Medicine, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher 

12, Vorontsovo pole ul., 105064, Moscow

yakushinma@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-219XКарповаО. В.KarpovaO. V.

Карпова Ольга Валентиновна канд. мед. на­ук, заместитель директора по медицинской части Клинического центра 

125993, г. Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Olga V. Karpova Cand. Sci. in Medicine, Deputy Director for Medical Affairs of the Clinical Center

2/1, Barrikadnaya ul., 125993, Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1429-1278БлинковаЛ. Н.BlinkovaL. N.

Блинкова Любовь Николаевна канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник 

105064, г. Москва, ул. Воронцово Поле, д. 12

Liubov N. Blinkova Cand. Sci. in Medicine, Senior Researcher

12, Vorontsovo pole ul., 105064, Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-8010АйнетдиноваЕ. С.AynetdinovaE. S.

Айнетдинова Елизавета Сергеевна аспирант кафедры пульмонологии ИКМ им. Н.В. Склифо­совского

119048, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Elizaveta S. Aynetdinova Postgraduate Student, Department of Pulmonology of N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine

8, bld. 2, Trubetskaya ul., 119048, Moscow

Национальный научно-исследовательский институт общественного здоровья им. Н.А. СемашкоРоссияN.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public HealthRussian FederationРоссийская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (РМАНПО)РоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Clinical CenterRussian FederationПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)Russian Federation20261110202673125135Copyright © Якушин М.А., Карпова О.В., Блинкова Л.Н., Айнетдинова Е.С., 20262026Якушин М.А., Карпова О.В., Блинкова Л.Н., Айнетдинова Е.С.Yakushin M.A., Karpova O.V., Blinkova L.N., Aynetdinova E.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.city-healthcare.com/jour/article/view/437Введение

Введение. Тенденция к старению населения сопровождается глобальным ростом числа пациентов с когнитивными нарушениями и деменцией, что обусловливает актуальность поиска эффективных профилактических стратегий.

Цель

Цель. На основе анализа систематических обзоров и метаанализов обобщить современные представления о влиянии геропротективного питания (геродиетики) на ког­нитивное здоровье лиц пожилого и старческого возраста и обосновать роль алиментарной коррекции факторов риска в предупреждении и замедлении прогрессирования когнитивных расстройств.

Ма­териалы и методы

Ма­териалы и методы. Проведен поиск публикаций в базах данных Medline, eLibrary и Cochrane Library за период с октября 2004 по август 2024 г. Ключевые слова: «когнитивные расстройства», «демен­ция», «питание», «диета», «нутриенты». Проанализировано более 70 русскои англоязычных источ­ников. Отдавалось предпочтение проспективным когортным исследованиям, рандомизированным контролируемым исследованиям, систематическим обзорам и метаанализам.

Результаты

Результаты. Наиболее убедительная доказательная база получена для средиземноморской диеты (снижение риска болезни Альцгеймера до 72%), умеренного потребления кофеина (70-450 мг/сут.), дозированного ограниче­ния калорийности и поддержания адекватного уровня витамина D. Применение отдельных витами­нов группы В, С, Е и омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот не продемонстрировало значимого эффекта. Своевременная коррекция рациона и применение геродиетических подходов достоверно замедляют развитие когнитивного дефицита.

Обсуждение

Обсуждение. Выявленные эффекты объясняются ан­тиоксидантными, противовоспалительными и нейропротективными свойствами нутриентов. Огра­ничения доказательной базы связаны преимущественно с наблюдательным дизайном значительной части исследований и коротким периодом вмешательства в ряде рандомизированных испытаний.

Заключение

Заключение. Интеграция принципов геродиетики в систему медицинской профилактики и обучение пациентов могут внести вклад в снижение бремени деменции. Требуется проведение дальнейших долгосрочных интервенционных исследований.

Introduction

Introduction. The global population aging trend is accompanied by a rise in the number of patients with cognitive impairment and dementia, which requires the search for effective preventive strategies.

Objective

Objective. To summarize the current evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the influence of elderly nutrition (geriatric dietetics) on cognitive health in older adults, and to substantiate the role of dietary strat­egies for risk factor modification in preventing and slowing the progression of cognitive disorders.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. A literature search was performed in Medline, eLibrary, and Cochrane Library databases for the period from October, 2004, to August, 2024, using the keywords “cognitive impairment,” “dementia,” “nutri­tion,” “diet”, and “nutrients.” Over 70 Russianand English-language sources were screened, with preference to prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Results

Results. The most robust evidence supports the Mediterranean diet (up to 72% reduction in Alzheimer’s disease risk), mod­erate caffeine intake (70-450 mg/day), moderate calorie restriction, and maintenance of adequate vitamin D levels. In contrast, supplementation with individually taken B vitamins, vitamins C and E, and omega-3 poly­unsaturated fatty acids showed no significant benefit. It is confirmed that timely dietary intervention and adoption of elderly nutrition principles slow cognitive decline.

Discussion

Discussion. The observed effects are attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of nutrients. Limitations of the evi­dence base include the predominantly observational design of many studies and the short intervention period in several randomized trials.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Integrating elderly nutrition principles into preventive healthcare and patient education may contribute to reducing the burden of dementia. Further long-term interventional studies are warranted.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.